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Affect theory organizes affects (i.e., emotions, or subjectively experienced feelings) into discrete categories and connects each one with its typical response. For example, the affect joy is observed through the display of smiling. These affects can be identified through immediate facial reactions that people have to a stimulus, typically well before they could process any real response to the stimulus. The list of affects does not seem to be complete however. One affect which seems to be missing from the list is humor. This affect also has highly characteristic facial expressions. Humor seems to be a response to a conflict between negative and positive affects 〔 〕 such as fear and enjoyment, which results in spasmodic contractions of parts of the body, mainly in the stomach and diaphragm area, as well as contractions in the upper cheek muscles. Further affects which seem to be missing include relief and confusion. Affect theory is attributed to psychologist Silvan Tomkins and is introduced in the first two volumes of his book ''Affect Imagery Consciousness''. The word ''affect'', as used in Tomkins theory, specifically refers to the "biological portion of emotion"; that is, it refers to "hard-wired, preprogrammed, genetically transmitted mechanisms that exist in each of us", which, when triggered, precipitate a "known pattern of biological events". However, it is also acknowledged that, in adults, the affective experience is a result of both the innate mechanism and a "complex matrix of nested and interacting ideo-affective formations." == The nine affects == These are the nine affects, listed with a low/high intensity label for each affect and accompanied by its biological expression: Positive: * Enjoyment/Joy (reaction to success / impulse to share) — smiling, lips wide and out * Interest/Excitement (reaction to new situation / impulse to attend) — eyebrows down, eyes tracking, eyes looking, closer listening Neutral: * Surprise/Startle (reaction to sudden change / resets impulses)— eyebrows up, eyes blinking Negative: * Anger/Rage (reaction to threat / impulse to attack) — frowning, a clenched jaw, a red face * Disgust (reaction to bad taste / impulse to discard) — the lower lip raised and protruded, head forward and down * Dissmell (reaction to bad smell / impulse to avoid - similar to distaste) — upper lip raised, head pulled back * Distress/Anguish (reaction to loss / impulse to mourn) — crying, rhythmic sobbing, arched eyebrows, mouth lowered * Fear/Terror (reaction to danger / impulse to run or hide) — a frozen stare, a pale face, coldness, sweat, erect hair * Shame/Humiliation (reaction to failure / impulse to review behaviour) — eyes lowered, the head down and averted, blushing 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Affect theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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